Volcanic eruptions identified as primary driver
Researchers have confirmed that the Permian-Triassic extinction event, known as the 'Great Dying,' was triggered by massive volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia. The eruptions, which lasted for roughly 200,000 years, released enormous quantities of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere, causing global temperatures to rise by 10°C and oceans to become both acidic and oxygen-depleted.
New evidence from marine sediments
The study, based on analysis of marine sediment cores from around the world, provides the most complete timeline yet of the extinction event. The researchers identified a clear sequence: volcanic activity peaked first, followed by carbon isotope shifts, then ocean acidification, and finally the mass die-off. The lag between cause and effect was less than 10,000 years — a blink of an eye in geological time.
Parallels to modern climate change
The study's authors warn that the ancient event offers a cautionary tale for the modern era. While current carbon emission rates are much slower than Permian volcanic activity, the cumulative effect could follow a similar trajectory if warming continues unchecked. 'The Earth system has thresholds,' the lead author said. 'Once you cross them, the feedback loops take over.'